Assessment of toxic content in Balanites aegyptiaca seed cake and use of enzymatic-catalysed biodiesel in diesel engine

The present study deals with the estimation of toxic phorbol esters in Balanites aegyptiaca seed cake and to evaluate the performance and combustion characteristics of different blends of biodiesel in a diesel engine. The seeds were manually collected from arid regions of Rajasthan, India and the oil extracted from the powdered kernel with Solvent extraction process. The extracted oil processed by enzymatic catalytic reactions are carried out at optimum operating conditions such as the molar ratio of 8:1 (methanol:oil), reaction temperature at 40°C for 4?h reaction time and xylanase 1% based on oil weight. The total conversion rate of extracted oil to methyl ester by enzymatic reactions yields up to 98.3%. The toxic content of seed cake was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC, Shimadzu). The performance and combustion parameters such as BP, BTE and CP decreased, whereas BSFC and DP increased with biodiesel blends.     

Profile of Triacylglycerols,Phenols, and Vitamin E of Manjari Medika Grape Seed Oil and Cake: Introducing a Novel Indian Variety

The aim of the study is to investigate the biochemical composition of grapeseed oil and cake from an unexplored Indian grape‐juice cultivar, Manjari Medika (MM). The composition of oil and residual seed cake is evaluated using various chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. The findings demonstrate that the vitamin E content of MM‐seed oil (1.15–1.35 g kg^?1) is distinctively higher than the Codex standard, suggesting its superior quality as an edible oil. The predominant triacylglycerols include trilinolein (LLL, 43%), dilinoleoyl‐stearylglycerol (LSL, 19%), and dilinoleoyl‐palmitoylglycerol (LLP, 11%), which are earlier recognized as natural antioxidants. The seed‐cake is rich in polyphenols including acylated anthocyanins (e.g., pelargonidin‐3‐O‐coumaroyl glucoside) and certain other flavonoids (e.g., catechin). The profile of phytonutrients in MM seed‐oil and cake is significantly superior to its seeded female parent and two other widely cultivated wine‐grape varieties. In brief, the studied by‐products of this new grape‐juice cultivar can be an important source of high‐value ingredients for use in food supplements, nutraceuticals, and functional foods. Practical applications: This study reports the phytochemical profile of the seed‐oil and seed cake derived from a newly developed grape variety, Manjari Medika. High contents of selective antioxidants: lipids, vitamin E, and phenols in the seed‐oil and cake with health benefits suggest their potential for use in nutraceutical and functional foods. These byproducts can be utilised as ingredients of functional foods and nutraceuticals (e.g., grape seed oil capsule) and also as raw materials in food supply chains (e.g., for production of grape cookies or cake). MM can also be utilized as a colorant in the food industry.     

Decreasing Filter Cake Resistance by Using Packing Structures

Packed beds used in absorption columns are evaluated to determine whether they can also be beneficial for cake‐forming filtrations. To assess this, model systems are characterized and separated by using a dead‐end filter cell. Filtrations are conducted with different packings; the filtrate amount over time and resulting turbidity are evaluated. Packings increase the filter cake resistance and the separation time of the cakes formed with approximately incompressible solids. However, they exhibit a positive effect on the filtration of a more complex, compressible substance; the process is not only accelerated, but also the quality of the obtained filtrate is not compromised. These results demonstrate potential in the use of packed beds for the filtration of complex biogenic suspensions.     

Parameter Estimation for Incompressible Cake Filtration: Advantages of a Modified Fitting Method

There is a widely used linear strategy to determine the parameters specific cake resistance and filter medium resistance in incompressible cake filtration. In this article, it is intended to demonstrate that this strategy has some disadvantages and should be replaced by an alternative nonlinear approach which yields more exact results. Even though the gains in precision are small for most cases, the nonlinear strategy is favored because it involves no extra effort and is grounded in the same physical theory as the original approach. This claim is based on a broad simulation study using noisy data with known parameter values to compare both fitting strategies and judge their accuracies.     

红外温度测量系统的应用

介绍了红外测温仪在焦炉上的应用,通过在线自动测量迅速反应焦饼温度,对焦炉的热工调节进行指导,同时减轻了操作强度,提高了测量精度,改善了热工调节。     

Recovering Bioactive Compounds from Olive Oil Filter Cake by Advanced Extraction Techniques

The potential of by-products generated during extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) filtration as a natural source of phenolic compounds (with demonstrated bioactivity) has been evaluated using pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) and considering mixtures of two GRAS (generally recognized as safe) solvents (ethanol and water) at temperatures ranging from 40 to 175 °C. The extracts were characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to diode array detection (DAD) and electrospray time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-ESI-TOF/MS) to determine the phenolic-composition of the filter cake. The best isolation procedure to extract the phenolic fraction from the filter cake was accomplished using ethanol and water (50:50, v/v) at 120 °C. The main phenolic compounds identified in the samples were characterized as phenolic alcohols or derivatives (hydroxytyrosol and its oxidation product), secoiridoids (decarboxymethylated and hydroxylated forms of oleuropein and ligstroside aglycones), flavones (luteolin and apigenin) and elenolic acid derivatives. The PLE extraction process can be applied to produce enriched extracts with applications as bioactive food ingredients, as well as nutraceuticals.     

浙江杭嘉湖平原油菜生长的土壤地球化学研究

在浙江省杭嘉湖平原区区域农业环境地球化学调查的基础上，选择嘉善县西塘、余杭县乔司二个典型地区作为专题研究区，对比研究了土壤条件与油菜元素含量、生长及产量间的关系，指出制约油菜生长的土壤地球化学因素，为研究区以至区域内油菜生产的种植和合理施肥提供了科学依据。     

地铁列车振动荷载对穿越泥水盾构泥膜渗透系数的影响

泥水盾构穿越饱和砂土地层中的运营地铁时,在地铁列车振动荷载的作用下,开挖面前方土体中会产生超孔隙水压力,从而降低泥膜承受的压力差,使泥膜回弹,渗透系数增大,进而影响开挖面稳定。通过动三轴试验,研究了不同类型砂土在地铁列车振动荷载的作用下的超孔隙水压力增长规律,并利用改进的Kozeny-Carman公式分析了其对泥膜渗透系数的影响。研究表明:地铁列车振动荷载振幅与在其作用下产生的砂土最大超孔隙水压力之间的关系可用指数函数表示;砂土中粗颗粒间的孔隙起控制作用时的最大动孔压比和泥膜最大渗透系数增大比约为细颗粒间的孔隙起控制作用时的最大动孔压比和泥膜最大渗透系数增大比的50%和60%;当动应力比不大于0.15时,振动荷载振幅的增大对最大动孔压比的增加影响并不明显;相对密实度对最大动孔压比的影响并不明显;卸荷程度相同时,轴向卸荷比水平卸荷对最大动孔压比的影响约大一倍;一般情况下,地铁列车振动荷载最大可使泥膜渗透系数增大约15倍;当泥膜渗透系数不大于7.73×10-8 cm/s时,可不必考虑运营地铁列车振动荷载对泥膜渗透系数的影响。